[23], Subsequently, Hindu, Buddhist, Confucian, animist communities and unbelievers bought peace by agreeing to pay jizya tax to a Muslim ruler, while others began adopting Islam to escape the tax. Other Buddhist monks that visited Indonesia were Atisha, Dharmapala, a professor of Nalanda, and the South Indian Buddhist Vajrabodhi. In general, the villages are small, independent, and largely self-sufficient. [54], Catholicism arrived in the archipelago during the Portuguese arrival with spice-trading over the 14th and 15th century. La costituzione indonesiana garantisce la libertà di culto e di espressione religiosa[2]; purtuttavia, il governo riconosce solo sei religioni ufficiali (l'Islam, il protestantesimo, il cattolicesimo, l'induismo, il buddhismo e il confucianesimo)[3][4][5]. Nota: il calo della popolazione cattolica tra il 1990 e il 2000 è dovuto alla secessione di Timor Est nel 1999. But many other locales like Padang, Manado, and Bali, sure do not hold back on their chili and spices. Indonesia’s main religion is Islam, though the government officially recognizes six distinct faiths: Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. [2], Until the beginning of CE, the peoples of Indonesia followed the local tribal Austronesian and Papuan ethnic religions and traditions.[18]. Seventeen per cent of the population in Sulawesi are Protestants, particularly in Tana Toraja regency in South Sulawesi province and Central Sulawesi. Nonetheless, atheists as a group tend not to express their atheism publicly for fear of prosecution. The history of Buddhism in Indonesia is closely related to the history of Hinduism, as a number of empires influenced by Indian culture were established around the same period. Entro la fine del XV secolo vi furono una ventina di regni fondati sulle basi dell'Islam, il che riflette l'opera di dominazione musulmana svoltasi in Indonesia. Nel 2000 circa il 35% dell'etnia cinese professava il cristianesimo, tuttavia non vi è un aumento continuativo tra le giovani generazioni. Un certo numero di differenti religioni vengono praticate nel paese e la loro influenza collettiva sulla vita politica del paese, oltre che economica e culturale, è assai significativa[1]. Non viene invece riconosciuto l'agnosticismo o l'ateismo, mentre la bestemmia è illegale[8]. Most rural Indonesians are small-scale farmers who operate at or near the subsistence level and sell some produce but usually do not accumulate substantial capital. [64] It also incorporated native Austronesian elements that revered hyangs, deities and spirits of nature and deceased ancestors. Several Muslim parties formed with Sharia as their ideology and the Crescent Star Party (PBB) came in sixth place in the 1999 elections. [9], The oldest extant esoteric Buddhist Mantranaya (largely a synonym of Mantrayana, Vajrayana and Buddhist Tantra) literature in Old Javanese, a language significantly influenced by Sanskrit, is enshrined in the Sang Kyang Kamahayanan Mantranaya. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom, 2009 Report on International Religious Freedom - Indonesia, «"The 2006 civil registration bill requires citizens to identify their religion on National Identity Cards (KTP). [62][65] In many areas on Java, Hinduism and Islam have heavily influenced each other, in part resulting in Abangan and Kejawèn (Kebatinan) traditions. "Kropak 406; Carita Parahyangan dan Fragmen Carita Parahyangan", Makalah disampaikan dalam Kegiatan Bedah Naskah Kuna yang diselenggarakan oleh Balai Pengelolaan Museum Negeri Sri Baduga. And no, we’re not talking about those living in traditional remote villages. Il più grande monumento buddhista esistente al mondo, Borobudur, è stato fatto costruire dai Sailendra, ed intorno allo stesso periodo è stato fatto erigere anche il complesso templare indù Prambanan. The second biggest religion in Indonesia is Protestant (5.2%), while Catholic is the third (2.5%). Oggi ci sono circa 400.000 musulmani ahmadi, sparpagliati su 542 filiali in tutta la nazione. [2] The practitioners mostly live in West Kalimantan, Papua and East Nusa Tenggara. They take their religious practices very seriously, and that is reflected in daily rituals, ceremonies, even the grandness of their places of worship. [59], Hindu culture and religion arrived in the archipelago around the 2nd century AD, which later formed the basis of several Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms such as Kutai, Medang, and Majapahit. The arrival of Buddhism in the Indonesian archipelago began with trading activity, from the early 1st century, by way of the maritime Silk Road between Indonesia and India. [14] L'article 29 de la constitution de 1945 garantit la liberté de culte et n'accorde de préséance à aucune religion. [2] Most Buddhists are concentrated in Jakarta, although other provinces such as Riau, North Sumatra and West Kalimantan also have a significant number of practitioners. Nel 1971, sono stati registrati tre gruppi di cristiani: cattolici, protestanti e altro. Some lived in Semarang and Surabaya. Historically, immigration from the Indian subcontinent, mainland China, Portugal, the Arab world, and the Netherlands has been a significant contributor to the diversity of religion and culture within the archipelago. L'Indonesia ha attualmente due intere province a maggioranza protestante, che sono Papua (provincia indonesiana) e Sulawesi Settentrionale con, rispettivamente il 60 e il 64% dell'intera popolazione[28]; a Papua essa è la fede più largamente praticata tra la popolazione nativa. In 1961, the Association of Khung Chiao Hui Indonesia (PKCHI) (now the Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia) had declared that Confucianism is a religion and Confucius is their prophet. Several native tribal beliefs such as Sunda Wiwitan, Toraja Aluk Todolo, and Batak Parmalim — although different from Indian-influenced Balinese Hinduism — might seek affiliation with Hinduism to survive, while at the same time also preserving their distinction from mainstream Indonesian Hinduism dominated by the Balinese. In some communities, those beliefs interact with traditions or influenced by another mainstream religion, resulting in a myriad of unique practices. In 2000, Indonesia decided to separately categorise Confucianism only during the enumeration process, but did not actually list this option on the printed form. Scattered throughout the countryside are clusters of coconut, palm, and fruit trees, which indicate the location of villages. However, it was not always put into practice. A number of Buddhist historical heritages can be found in Indonesia, including the 8th century Borobudur mandala monument and Sewu temple in Central Java, Batujaya in West Java, Muaro Jambi, Muara Takus and Bahal temple in Sumatra, and numerous of statues or inscriptions from the earlier history of Indonesian Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms. (1993). Consequently, Islam is expressed differently in Indonesia than it is in the Middle East. Note: the drop in the Catholic population between 1990 and 2000 was due to the secession of East Timor in 1999. Chinese Indonesians, who were mostly Confucianists, also faced similar circumstances. Today there are numerous Buddhist schools established in Indonesia. Get kids back-to-school ready with Expedition: Learn! In 1965, Sukarno issued Presidential Decree No. Inoltre fino al 65% del gruppo etnico dei Toraja è di fede riformata. Protestantism is mostly a result of Dutch Reformed and Lutheran missionary efforts during the country's colonial period. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) regulated the missionary work so it could serve its own interests and focused it to the eastern, Animist part of the archipelago, including Maluku, North Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Papua and Kalimantan. [79][78], During the New Order, the anti-China policy became a scapegoat-like method to gain political support from the masses, especially after the fall of PKI, which had allegedly been backed by China. The U.N. Demographic Yearbook 1979 only lists data collectively for all Christians. By the end of the 16th century, Islam had supplanted Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion of Java and Sumatra. [61], Following the downfall of President Sukarno in the mid-1960s and the mandatory policy of having a religion,[73] founder of Perbuddhi (Indonesian Buddhists Organisation), Bhikku Ashin Jinarakkhita, proposed that there was a single supreme deity, Sanghyang Adi Buddha. In common usage, the dukun is often confused with another type of shaman, the pawang. Come per l'Induismo, anche il Buddhismo ha subito un declino in seguito all'arrivo dell'Islam e del Cristianesimo. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License; all unstructured text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. Cambiamenti significativi negli aspetti religiosi si sono verificati durante l'epoca del cosiddetto "Nuovo Ordine" (tra gli anni sessanta e novanta del Novecento)[19]. Buddhism is the second oldest religion in Indonesia after Hinduism, which arrived from India around the second century. In the 13th century Islam entered the archipelago, and began gaining foothold in coastal port towns. [56], Other than Flores, Central Java also have significant numbers of Catholics. They were brought to the archipelago around the second and fourth centuries, respectively, when Indian traders arrived on the islands of Sumatra, Java and Sulawesi, and brought their religion. Parts of Sumatra were also targeted, most notably the Batak people who are predominantly Protestant today. During the New Order, President Suharto proposed the Anti-Chinese law which prohibits anything related to Chinese culture, including names and religions. [44], The earliest history of Ahmadi Muslims in the archipelago dates back to the summer of 1925, when roughly two decades before the Indonesian revolution, a missionary of the Community, Rahmat Ali, stepped in Sumatra and established the movement with 13 devotees in Tapaktuan, Aceh. The religion is most strictly practiced in Aceh, western Sumatra, western Java, southeastern Kalimantan, and some of the Lesser Sunda Islands. In addition, the religion focuses more on art and ritual rather than scriptures, laws and beliefs. A notable Srivijayan revered Buddhist scholar is Dharmakirti, a Srivijayan prince of the Sailendra dynasty, born around the turn of the 7th century in Sumatra. [92][90], The organisation "The United Indonesian Jewish Community" (UIJC) has been formed since 2009 and inaugurated in October 2010. Buddhist Holidays in … Durante l'epoca delle Indie orientali olandesi il numero dei praticanti cattolici è sceso in maniera significativa, questo a causa della politica attuata di divieto della religione cattolica. The same pattern occurs on Bali and in northern Sumatra, where the rich soils are directly related to flows from volcanic eruptions. [74], According to the 2010 census, roughly 0,7% of Indonesias are Buddhists, which takes up about 2 million people. During the 9th century ce, both Hinduism and Buddhism were practiced as court religions; Shiva and Buddha were looked upon as manifestations of the same spiritual being. [10], The Lalitavistara Sutra was known to the Mantranaya stonemasons of Borobudur, refer: The birth of Buddha (Lalitavistara). Monks doing Pindapatta before Vessak Day in Indonesia. President Suharto regarded himself as one of its adherents. Following the downfall of President Sukarno in the mid-1960s, Pancasila was reasserted as the official Indonesian policy on religion to only recognise monotheism. The most important Buddhist religious event in Indonesia is Vesak (Indonesian: Waisak). This practice was applied in many places, including the national registration card, marriage registration, and family registration card. Wikipedia: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in France (Membership Statistics); http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_by_country#Sovereign_states; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_by_country#Sovereign_states; Wikipedia: Constitutional references to God (List); International Religious Freedom Report 2004, U.S. State Department; watchtower.org - 2002 Report of Jehovah's Witnesses Worldwide; British Broadcasting Corporation 2014; Wikipedia: Islam by country (Table) ("Muslim Population by Country" . In 2000, Indonesia decided to separately categorize Confucianism only during the enumeration process, but did not actually list this option on the printed form. On Java the most common settlement is the rural village, with its rice paddies that spread across the flatland and in many places rise up the hillsides in terraces. SOURCES: Around 130, a Sundanese kingdom named Salakanagara emerged in western Java. The government officially recognises the two main Christian divisions in Indonesia, Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, as two separate religions. During this era of decline, there was only small numbers of people practicing Buddhism, most of them are Chinese immigrants that settled in Indonesia with migration wave accelerated in the 17th century. In the 2000 census, only Catholics and Protestants were available as categories.[123]. In 2016, at a campaign stop during the capital city's gubernatorial election, Ahok stated some citizens would not vote for him because they were being "threatened and deceived" by those using the verse Al-Ma'ida 51 of the Qur'an and variations of it. The people of each village form a group that is homogeneous both in economic conditions and in social interest and outlook. Various temples of ancient Java and Sumatra are Vajrayana. Many self-styled shamans in Indonesia are scammers and criminals, preying on gullible and superstitious people who were raised to believe in the supernatural. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [79][78] Therefore, the status of Confucianism during the New Order regime was never clear. 271,056,000 Population rank (2019) 4 Population projection 2030 298,806,000 Total area (sq mi) 737,815 Total area (sq km) 1,910,931 Density: persons per sq mi (2018) 361 Density: persons per sq km (2018) 139.4 Urban-rural population Urban: … Kejawèn, while it connotes a turning away from the aggressive universalism of orthodox Islam, moves toward a more internalised universalism. Most are Protestant or independent Christian, and the remainder are mainly Roman Catholic. Kahin, George McT. Pew Research Center . The Foreign Ministry, along with the most prominent Islamic organisation in Indonesia, Nahdatul Ulama, held the International Conference of Islamic Scholars, to promote Islamic moderation, which is believed to reduce the tension in the country. Among the Indonesian Buddhists follow major Buddhist schools: Mahayana, Vajrayana, and Theravada. According to the 2010 national census roughly 0.8% of the total citizens of Indonesia were Buddhists, and numbered around 1.7 million. Learning about the culture of this exotic archipelago will not only ensure a more pleasant traveling experience, it will also enrich the way you perceive the world. [40], Shia Islam played an important role in the early period of the spread of Islam in North Sumatra and Java. [111] Alexander's lawyers speculated that there were only around 2,000 atheists in Indonesia, but stated that it was difficult to estimate due to the threat of imprisonment for open atheism. In 2000, approximately 35% of ethnic Chinese were Christian, and there is a continuous increase among the younger generation. Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Sumatra, Java, Lombok, Kalimantan and Sulawesi also have significant Hindu populations; most are Balinese who migrated to these areas through government-sponsored transmigration program or urbanised Balinese attracted to cities in Java, especially the Greater Jakarta area. [71], There are also some international Hindu reform movements, including the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Sathya Sai Organization,[7] Chinmaya Mission, Brahma Kumaris, Ananda Marga, Sahaja Yoga, and Haidakhandi Samaj. In 1971, three groups of Christians were recorded: Catholic, Protestant and other. Recipes do vary from one locality to another, according to the main crops in the area. Encyclopedia of Protestantism, p. 824. cf. L'ostilità degli olandesi nei confronti del cattolicesimo è dovuta alla loro storia, ove guadagnarono la propria indipendenza dopo la guerra degli ottant'anni contro il governo dell'impero spagnolo cattolico. Wikipedia: Importance of religion by country (Countries), Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4%, Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998). Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono. Between 1546 and 1547, the pioneer Christian missionary, Saint Francis Xavier, visited the islands and baptised several thousand locals. Some still exist in some parts of Indonesia as either pure or syncretic. [11], In Indonesia Buddhism is mainly followed by the Chinese Indonesian people and some small indigenous groups of Indonesia, with 0.8% (including Taoism and Confucianism) of Indonesia's population being Buddhists.[1][2][12]. [91], Jews in Surabaya maintained a synagogue for many years, with sporadic support from relatives and co-religionists residing in Singapore. Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta l'8 apr 2020 alle 16:22. During the VOC era, the number of Roman Catholicism practitioners fell significantly, due to VOC policy of banning the religion. Please add www.nationmaster.com to your ad blocking whitelist or disable your adblocking software. Indonesia", "The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia", "The Decolonization of Adat Communities: Notes from PGI's 2018 Seminar on Religions", "Government to recognise minority faiths", "Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set, "Raja Lorenzo II: A Catholic kingdom in the Dutch East Indies", "Good Friday in Flores: secrets, stamina and spiritual devotion", Indonesia International Religious Freedom Report 2005, "In Sliver of Indonesia, Public Embrace of Judaism", "USCIRF Annual Report 2016 — Tier 2 countries — Indonesia", "Agama Baha'i Bukan Sekte Dalam Islam [Bahá'í Faith is not Islam Sect]", "Welcoming Baha'i: New official religion in Indonesia", "Row over Indonesia atheist Facebook post", "Indonesian Atheist Jailed for Prophet Mohammed Cartoons", "Indonesia's atheists face battle for religious freedom", "Transcript of Joint Press Conference Indonesian Foreign Minister, Hassan Wirajuda, with Australian Foreign Minister, Alexander Downer", "Business interests blamed for church rows", "Indonesian mayor seeks to ban church construction", "Indonesia bans Islamist group Hizbut Tahrir", "BIN: Ada Tempat Ibadah, Pesantren, dan Rumah Singgah Terpapar Radikalisme", "Selain 41 Masjid, BIN Pastikan Ada 50 Ustad Terpapar Radikalisme", "Special Census Topic 2000 Round (1995–2004)", "Indonesian Census 2000: Tables and Reports for AusAID Explanatory Notes", "Islamic Puritanism Movements in Indonesia as Transnational Movements", "The Ahmadiyya and the Study of Comparative Religion in Indonesia: Controversies and Influences", "The Salafi Movement in Indonesia: Transnational Dynamics and Local Development", "Religion and the Indonesian Constitution: A Recent Debate", "Sufism and the Indonesian Islamic Revival", "Cyberspace and Sectarianism in Indonesia: The Rise of Shia Media and Anti-Shia Online Movements", Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya, "Present Situation of Indonesian Buddhism: In Memory of Bhikkhu Ashin Jinarakkhita Mahasthavira", "Transformations of a Religious Community: The Shattariyya Sufi Brotherhood in Aceh", "The Ambiguities of Religious Freedom in Indonesia", "Translating Traditions and Transcendence: Popularised Religiosity and the, "Buddhism and Confucianism in Contemporary Indonesia: Recent Developments", "The History and Legal Position of Confucianism in Post Independence Indonesia", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Indonesia&oldid=979412926, Articles containing Indonesian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 20 September 2020, at 16:16. [11] According to a 2017 decision of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia, "the branches/flows of beliefs" (Indonesian: aliran kepercayaan)—ethnic religions with new religious movements—must be recognised and included in an Indonesian identity card (KTP). Although there were many varieties circulating in 1992, Kejawèn often implies pantheistic worship because it encourages sacrifices and devotions to local and ancestral spirits. [27] There were also significant changes to the relationship during the New Order. Suharto also made an effort to "de-Islamicise" the government, by maintaining a large proportion of Christians in his cabinet. According to some Chinese sources, a Chinese monk on his journey to India, witnessed the powerful maritime empire of Srivijaya based in Sumatra. Although the majority of Indonesian Buddhists are of the Chinese Mahayana school, more often than not the representative of Buddhism as selected by the Government would happen to be a Theravada monk. And talking about its heritage, there is the famous temple called Borobudur Temple, which is one of the worlwide treasures. The Tamil Indonesians in Medan represents another important concentration of Hindus. Il risultato più significativo d'una tale politica si concentrò e venne ottenuto nell'isola di Flores e a Timor Est; molti preti cattolici furono trascinati in prigione, sottoposti a dure punizioni e fatti sostituire dal clero protestante olandese[30]. There are, however, pockets of Christians scattered throughout the country, particularly in Flores, Timor, northern Celebes, the interior of Kalimantan, and the Moluccas. In fact, many Indonesian dishes may come out strong to tourists’ tongues. It consists of more than seventeen thousand islands, including Sumatra, Java, Borneo (), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (). [34] The archipelago was soon dominated by the Dutch empire, which helped prevent inter-religious conflict, and slowly began the process of excavating, preserving and understanding the archipelago's ancient Hindu and Buddhist period, particularly in Java and the western islands. One Roman Catholic priest was executed for celebrating Mass in prison during Jan Pieterszoon Coen's tenure as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. Elenco delle popolazioni religiose in Indonesia "The Correlation of Verses of the 'Sang Kyang Kamahayanan Mantranaya' with Vajrabodhi's 'Japa-sutra'".