A corded-zoned Maritime variety (C/ZM), proposed to be a hybrid between AOC and Maritime Herringbone, was mainly found in burial contexts and expanded westward, especially along the mountain systems of the Meseta. It also begins c. 1900 BCE. A similar picture of cultural integration is was featured among Bell Beakers in central Europe, thus challenging previous theories of Bell Beakers as an elitist or purely super-structural phenomenon. Its incise decoration consists of parallel bands delimited by crooked lines. The same lack of typical Beaker association applies to the about thirty found stone battle axes. [Flanagan 1998, p.150] Towards the Later Bronze Age the sites move to potentially fortifiable hilltops, suggesting a more "clan"-type structure. Bell Beaker pottery has been found in Majorca and Formentera but has not been observed in Minorca or Ibiza. The northern area focuses on the Rhine area that belongs to the Bell Beaker West Group, while the southern area occupies the Danube river system and belongs to the homogeous East Group which overlaps with the Corded Ware Culture and other groups of the Late Neolithic and of the earliest Bronze Age. *Schuhmacher, T.X. The new international trade routes opened by the Beaker people were there to remain and the culture was succeeded by a number of Bronze Age cultures, among them the Únětice culture (Central Europe), ca. [cf. Bell Beaker Culture in Bavaria used a specific type of copper, which is characterized by combinations of trace elements. It is also found in the plateau, the Guadalquivir basin and northern Morocco. [Flanagan 1998, p.71] In a tumulus the find of the extended skeleton of a woman accompanied by the remains of a red deer and a small seven-year-old stallion is noteworthy, including the hint to a Diana-like religion. It was used to turn copper into bronze from around 2200BC and widely traded throughout Britain and into Ireland. The relationship to the western Bell Beakers groups, and the contemporary cultures of the Carpathian basin to the south east, is much less.Bell Beaker settlements in South Germany and Central Europe, Volker Heyd, Ludwig Husty & Ludwig Kreiner, 2004 [http://www.bris.ac.uk/archanth/staff/heyd/Bell2.pdf] ] Research in Northern Poland shifted the north-eastern frontier of this complex to the western parts of the Baltic with the adjacent Northern European plain. Danish Beakers are contemporary with the earliest Early Bronze Age (EBA) of the East Group of Bell Beakers in central Europe, and with the floruit of Beaker cultures of the West Group in western Europe. Debbie Olausson’s (1997) examinations indicate that flint knapping activities, particularly the manufacture of daggers, reflect a relatively low degree of craft specialisation, probably in the form of a division of labour between households.Noteworthy was the adoption of European-style woven wool clothes kept together by pins and buttons in contrast to the earlier usage of clothing made of leather and plant fibres. (ed. "Antiquity" 49, 19-25*Darvill, T., "Oxford Concise Dictionary of Archaeology", 2002, Oxford University Press, ISBN 019-211649-5. The Bell-Beaker culture (sometimes shortened to Beaker culture, Beaker people, or Beaker folk; _de. Like elsewhere in Europe and in the Mediterranean area, the Bell Beaker culture in Sardinia (2000-1800) is characterized by the typical ceramics decorated with overlaid horizontal bands and associated finds (brassards, V-pierced buttons etc.) After 2200BC there is greater chemical variation in British and Irish copper artefacts, which tallies well with the appearance of other mines in southern Ireland and north Wales. Towards the transition to LN II some farm houses became extraordinarily large.The cultural concepts originally adopted from Beaker groups at the lower Rhine blended or integrated with local Late Neolithic Culture. Nevertheless, southern Germany shows some independent developments of itself. Also, the spread of metallurgy in Denmark is intimately related to the Beaker representation in northern Jutland. Another site of particular interest is Ferriby on the Humber estuary, where western Europe’s oldest plank built boat was recovered. Being traditionally associated to the introduction of metallurgy, the first traces of copper working on the Baleares was here indeed also clearly associated to the Bell Beakers.IrelandBeakers arrived in Ireland around 2500BC and fell out of use around 1700BC (Needham 1996). 2300 BC, and by the Nordic Bronze Age, a culture of Scandinavia and northernmost Germany-Poland, ca. All-over ornamented (AOO) and All-over-corded (AOC), and particularly Maritime style beakers are featured, although from a fairly late context and possibly rather of Epi-maritime style, equivalent to the situation in northern Holland, where Maritime ornamentation continued after it ceased in the central region of Veluwe (cf. No evidence of other large scale immigrations took place and many scholars deny Celtic speech originated solely from La Tene culture, whose migrations started at about 400 BC. From the third millennium BC on, comb-impressed Beaker ware, as well as other Beaker material in Ozieri or sub-Ozieri contexts, has been found, demonstrating continuing relationships with the western Mediterranean; it appears likely that Sardinia was the intermediary that brought Beaker materials to Tuscany and Sicily.The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces - ERP, 2007, PREHISTORY: NEOLITHIC [http://www.usd.edu/erp/Sardinia/prehist.htm] ] The Ozieri culture (3500-2700 BC) developed mighty megalithic walls that are limited to the northern area, suggesting unknown defensive demands that are the sign of the warlike state that can be noticed at the same time in the Mediterranean. Like elsewhere in Europe and in the Mediterranean area, the Bell Beaker culture in Sardinia (2000-1800) is characterized by the typical ceramics decorated with overlaid horizontal bands and associated finds (brassards, V-pierced buttons etc.) Typical Bell Beaker fragments from the site of Ostrikovac-Djura at the Serbian river Morava were presented at the Riva del Garda conference in 1998, some hundred km south-east of the Hungarian Csepel-group. Bell Beaker pottery has been found in Majorca and Formentera but has not been observed in Minorca or Ibiza. Debbie Olausson’s (1997) examinations indicate that flint knapping activities, particularly the manufacture of daggers, reflect a relatively low degree of craft specialisation, probably in the form of a division of labour between households.Noteworthy was the adoption of European-style woven wool clothes kept together by pins and buttons in contrast to the earlier usage of clothing made of leather and plant fibres. 2300 BC–1600 BC)*Tumulus culture (ca. [Bender Jørgensen 1992, 114; Ebbesen 1995;2004] Two-aisled timber houses in Late Neolithic Denmark correspond to similar houses in southern Scandinavia and at least parts of central Scandinavia and lowland northern Germany. *O’Flaherty, R. (2007) A Weapon of Choice: experiments with a replica Irish early Bronze Age Halberd, "Antiquity" 81, 425-434*O'Kelly, M.J. (1982) "Newgrange: Archaeology, Art and Legend." Bochum: Dt. [Bender Jørgensen 1992, 114; Ebbesen 1995;2004] Two-aisled timber houses in Late Neolithic Denmark correspond to similar houses in southern Scandinavia and at least parts of central Scandinavia and lowland northern Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press*Case, H. (1993) Beakers: Deconstruction and After, "Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society" 59, 241-268*Case, H. (2001) The Beaker Culture in Britain and Ireland: Groups, European Contacts and Chronology. Bergbau-Museum, pp211-225*Northover, J.P.N., O’Brien, W. and Stos, S. (2001) Lead Isotopes and Metal Circulation in Beaker/Early Bronze Age Ireland, "Journal of Irish Archaeology" 10, 25-47*O’Brien, W. (2004) "Ross Island: mining, metal and society in early Ireland." In Porto Torrão, at the coast of Alentejo (Southern Portugal), a similar vessel was found having a date ultimately corrected to between 2823 and 2658 BC. Maritime Bell Beakers related to Herringbone, Lined and Cord-Zoned are tentatively dated in the first half of the 3rd millennium. [Bender Jørgensen 1992, 114; Ebbesen 1995;2004] Two-aisled timber houses in Late Neolithic Denmark correspond to similar houses in southern Scandinavia and at least parts of central Scandinavia and lowland northern Germany. Instead, those scholars propose Celtic languages evolved gradually and simultaneously over a large area by way of a common heritage and close social, political and religious links. It's center of difussion is probably in the Portuguese civlization of Vila Nova de São Pedro. [Flanagan 1998, p.104-105 and 111-114] The vase tradition has a general distribution and feature almost exclusively cremation. Early Bell Beaker Culture intrudedBell Beaker Culture in Southern Germany, State of research for a regional province along the Danube - Volker Heyd, 1998 [http://www.bris.ac.uk/archanth/staff/heyd/Bell1.pdf] ] into the region at the end of the Late Copper Age 1, at about 2600–2550 BC. There has been some evidence of all-corded pottery in Majorca, generally considered the most ancient Bell Beaker pottery, possibly indicating an even earlier Beaker settlement about 2700 BC. The LN I metalwork is distributed throughout most of Denmark, but a concentration of early copper and gold coincides with this core region, hence suggesting a connection between Beakers and the introduction of metallurgy. It's center of difussion is probably in the Portuguese civlization of Vila Nova de São Pedro. It is also quite old, being most frequently found in the 2100-1900 BCE period. [Flanagan 1998, p.158] Although the typical Bell Beaker practice of crouched burial has been observed, [Flanagan 1998, p.96,151] cremation was readily adopted [Flanagan 1998, p.105-106, only fully at the vase tradition] in accordance with the previous tradition of the autochthons. (2002) Some Remarks on the Origin and Chronology of Halberds in Europe, "Oxford Journal of Archaeology" 21(3), 263-288*Marc Vander Linden, Le phénomène campaniforme dans l'Europe du 3ème millénaire avant notre ère : synthèse et nouvelles perspectives. It is found specially in the Mediterranean areas but also reaches to the Basque Country and Badajoz. It is contemporary to Corded Ware in the vicinity, that has been attested by associated finds of middle Corded Ware (chronologically referred to as "beaker group 2" or Step B) and younger Geiselgasteig Corded Ware beakers ("beaker group 3" or Step C). : 1131-6993 [http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/ghi/11316993/articulos/CMPL0202110159A.PDF] ] However, in several regions this type of pottery persisted long enough to permit other possibilities. A Test of Non-metrical Analysis as Applied to the 'Beaker Problem' - Natasha Grace Bartels,University of Albeda, Department of Anthropology, 1998 [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ34298.pdf] ] The early studies on the Beakers which were based on the analysis of their skeletal remains, were craniometric. *Maritime or International type. They were subsequently widely adopted in other parts of Europe (Schuhmacher 2002), possibly showing a change in the technology of warfare.The Bronze Age Beaker period is noteworthy, since archeological finds seem to indicate a strong continuity with native Bronze Age traditions in Ireland as much as Britain. *Maritime or International type. It was used to turn copper into bronze from around 2200BC and widely traded throughout Britain and into Ireland. However, more details on the strategies for tending and slaughtering the domestic animals involved are forthcoming. A significant impulse given to metallurgy accompanied vascular production characterized by a disappearance of earlier St.Micheal (Ozieri) fanciful decoration in favor of blank soberly scribbled surfaces. The beaker pottery of Ireland was rarely used as a grave good, but is often found in domestic assemblages from the period.