[177], Due to its failure to protect labor rights, including passing laws forbidding unemployment or working outside of state-controlled sectors,[187] Belarus lost its EU Generalized System of Preferences status on 21 June 2007, which raised tariff rates to their prior most favored nation levels. While the freedom of worship is granted in the same article, religious organizations deemed harmful to the government or social order can be prohibited. Prezydent Białorusi chce zakazać kołchoźnikom odchodzić z pracy", "In chase of upgrade: serfdom for woodworkers? La lecture de la vidéo suppose votre consentement pour l´activation des cookies sur Youtube. Sino-Belarusian relations have improved,[148] strengthened by the visit of President Lukashenko to China in October 2005. [47] The Belarusian territories acquired by the Russian Empire under the reign of Catherine II[48] were included into the Belarusian Governorate (Russian: Белорусское генерал-губернаторство) in 1796 and held until their occupation by the German Empire during World War I. "[91], Mass protests erupted across the country following the disputed 2020 Belarusian presidential election,[92] in which Lukashenko sought a sixth term in office. [84] Stanislav Shushkevich, the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus, met with Boris Yeltsin of Russia and Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine on 8 December 1991 in Belavezhskaya Pushcha to formally declare the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Its net migration rate is +0.38 per 1,000, indicating that Belarus experiences slightly more immigration than emigration. Av. 449–474, This page was last edited on 31 March 2021, at 10:43. [205], Belarus's Catholic minority is concentrated in the western part of the country, especially around Hrodna, is made up of a mixture of Belarusians and the country's Polish and Lithuanian minorities. Konzept, Bau und Vertrieb von Geräten, für den diversifizierten Gemüsebau, wie bieten Ihnen eine grosse Bandbreite an Werkzeugen adaptiert an Ihren Standort und Bedürfnissen [33] Cimmerians and other pastoralists roamed through the area by 1,000 BC, and by 500 AD, Slavs had taken up residence, which was circumscribed by the Scythians who roamed its outskirts. [177] The country relies on Russia for various imports, including petroleum. The Belarusian government sponsors annual cultural festivals such as the Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk,[214] which showcases Belarusian performers, artists, writers, musicians, and actors. 151 were here. partner: Weidemann Belgium. [188], The labor force consists of more than four million people, among whom women hold slightly more jobs than men. Аб паходжанні назваў Белая і Чорная Русь (Eng. [citation needed], The union between Poland and Lithuania ended in 1795 with the Third Partition of Poland by Imperial Russia, Prussia, and Austria. [230], Belarus has competed in the Olympic Games since the 1994 Winter Olympics as an independent nation. [203] Over 99% of Belarusians aged 15 and older are literate. "[89] An idea backed by Putin for years, observers have labeled the potential plan a scheme by Putin to remain in power beyond 2024. Santander Espagne. Roeselare Belgique. [69] A Belarusian organization, the Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union, was banned in 1927, and opposition to Polish government was met with state repressions. 78, 44805 Bochum, Germany // +49 234 53993-130 Serres Grèce. [57], The Belarusian People's Republic was the first attempt to create an independent Belarusian state under name "Belarus". A A. [202], Like many other Eastern European countries, Belarus has a negative population growth rate and a negative natural growth rate. Conditions d’utilisation. Anyone from outside the Duchy gaining rights to a property would actually own it only after swearing allegiance to the Grand Duke of Lithuania. [42], On 2 February 1386, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland were joined in a personal union through a marriage of their rulers. [177], The currency of Belarus is the Belarusian ruble. Typically, Belarusians eat a light breakfast and two hearty meals later in the day. [58], The Republic of Central Lithuania was a short-lived political entity, which was the last attempt to restore Lithuania in the historical confederacy state (it was also supposed to create Lithuania Upper and Lithuania Lower). [178][179] Important agricultural products include potatoes and cattle byproducts, including meat. Belgique / Français Fermer ‎Algeria, ‎English ‎Algérie, ‎Français (‎Algeria) ‎Argentina, ‎English ‎Argentina, ‎Español ... YouTube. Contactez-nous. [158] In 2005, about 1.4% of Belarus's gross domestic product was devoted to military expenditure. Overall, 48.3% of the population is Orthodox Christian, 41.1% is not religious, 7.1% is Catholic and 3.3% follows other religions. In the 19th century, Polish composer Stanisław Moniuszko composed operas and chamber music pieces while living in Minsk. From 1 July until 31 December 2016, the old and new currencies were in parallel circulation and series 2000 notes and coins can be exchanged for series 2009 from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2021. In 1939, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Poland, marking the beginning of World War II. [195] On 23 May 2011, the Belarusian ruble depreciated 56% against the United States dollar. Salem Suède. [123], Belarus has often been described as "Europe's last dictatorship" by some media outlets, politicians and authors due to its authoritarian government;[124][125][126][127] Lukashenko has described himself as having an "authoritarian ruling style". The defense of Brest Fortress was the first major battle of Operation Barbarossa. The third Article of the Statute establishes that all lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania will be eternally in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and never enter as a part of other states. The takeover was partially due to the lack of military coordination of the Balts but the gradual assimilation of the Balts into Slavic culture was peaceful in nature.[35]. [189] The ruble was reintroduced with new values in 2000 and has been in use ever since. Jahrhundert. Facebook. Trade disputes, a border dispute, and a much relaxed official attitude to dissident voices are all part of a weakening of the longtime warm relationship with Russia. : +49 2536 806-0 E-Mail: info@langguth.com Клоков В. Я. Великий освободительный поход Красной Армии. During this period, Anatoly Bogatyrev, creator of the opera In Polesye Virgin Forest, served as the "tutor" of Belarusian composers. [162] However, Belarus cannot join NATO because it is a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation. We do not recognize him but we must deal with him, U.S. no longer recognizes Lukashenko as legitimate president of Belarus, "U.S., EU Sanction Belarus in Coordinated Western Action", "Coordinates of the extreme points of the state frontier. Policies of Polonization[50] changed by Russification,[51] which included the return to Orthodox Christianity of Belarusian Uniates. [93] Russian and EU leaders warned of any external interference in Belarus's internal affairs. Pay Up. [161] Belarus first began to cooperate with NATO upon signing documents to participate in their Partnership for Peace Program in 1995. [233], Belarus has four UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites: the Mir Castle Complex, the Nesvizh Castle, the Belovezhskaya Pushcha (shared with Poland), and the Struve Geodetic Arc (shared with nine other countries). [143] Travel bans imposed by the European Union have been lifted in the past in order to allow Lukashenko to attend diplomatic meetings and also to engage his government and opposition groups in dialogue. [43] This union set in motion the developments that eventually resulted in the formation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, created in 1569 by the Union of Lublin. [173] Regions are further subdivided into raions, commonly translated as districts (Belarusian: раён, Russian: район). In: Zeitschrift für Slawistik 45 (2000), 200–214. Friedrich PICARD GmbH & Co. KG Dietrich-Benking-Str. "[77], Soviet Belarusian communist politician Andrei Gromyko, who served as Soviet foreign minister (1957–1985) and as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1985–1988), was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy until he was replaced by Eduard Shevardnadze. [citation needed], In 2006, Belarus's largest trading partner was Russia, accounting for nearly half of total trade, with the European Union the next largest trading partner, with nearly a third of foreign trade. [70] Belarusian leadership was sent to Bereza Kartuska prison.[71]. [120], The government includes a Council of Ministers, headed by the prime minister and five deputy prime ministers. The law was compared with serfdom by Lukashenko himself. In 2015, 39.3% of Belarusians were employed by state-controlled companies, 57.2% were employed by private companies (in which the government has a 21.1% stake) and 3.5% were employed by foreign companies. [139][140] Belarus was a founding member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Veuillez remplir le formulaire suivant et nous vous contacterons dans les plus brefs délais. [119] The Council of the Republic has the power to select various government officials, conduct an impeachment trial of the president, and accept or reject the bills passed by the House of Representatives. [56] The Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic exists as a government in exile ever since then; in fact, it is currently the world's longest serving government in exile. [citation needed], In the years following the union, the process of gradual Polonization of both Lithuanians and Ruthenians gained steady momentum. Pour une assistance technique immédiate, veuillez appeler le +32 2 421 26 11 [176] www.hckraainem.be [203], According to the census of November 2011, 58.9% of all Belarusians adhered to some kind of religion; out of those, Eastern Orthodoxy (Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church) made up about 82%. Wheat and rye breads are consumed in Belarus, but rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat. The judiciary comprises the Supreme Court and specialized courts such as the Constitutional Court, which deals with specific issues related to constitutional and business law. Other large cities are Mogilev (365,100), Vitebsk (342,400), Hrodna (314,800) and Brest (298,300). Siklosnagyfalu Hongrie. [54][55] Immediately afterwards, the Polish–Soviet War ignited, and the territory of Belarus was divided between Poland and Soviet Russia. Daniel Yastremski will represent Belarus at the 2018 Junior Eurovision Song Contest in Minsk with the song Time. For criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the Supreme Court. [191], A new currency, the new Belarusian ruble (ISO 4217 code: BYN)[192] was introduced in July 2016, replacing the Belarusian ruble in a rate of 1:10,000 (10,000 old rubles = 1 new ruble). Şişli Turquie. Many Belarusian writers of the time, such as Uładzimir Žyłka, Kazimir Svayak, Yakub Kolas, Źmitrok Biadula, and Maksim Haretski, wrote for Nasha Niva, a Belarusian-language paper published that was previously published in Vilnius but now is published in Minsk. [139], The union of Russia and Belarus, a supranational confederation, was established in a 1996–99 series of treaties that called for monetary union, equal rights, single citizenship, and a common foreign and defense policy. [77], After the war, Belarus was among the 51 founding member states of the United Nations Charter and as such it was allowed an additional vote at the UN, on top of the Soviet Union's vote. Under the 1994 constitution, the president could serve for only two terms as president, but a change in the constitution in 2004 eliminated term limits. [64][65][66] After an early period of liberalization, tensions between increasingly nationalistic Polish government and various increasingly separatist ethnic minorities started to grow, and the Belarusian minority was no exception. [175], In 2014 the share of manufacturing in GDP was 37%, more than two thirds of this amount falls on manufacturing industries. [99][100] The European Union and the United States recently imposed sanctions against Belarus because of the rigged election and political oppression during to the ongoing protests in the country. [138] Belarus and Russia have been close trading partners and diplomatic allies since the breakup of the Soviet Union. [103] About 70% of the radiation from neighboring Ukraine's 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster entered Belarusian territory, and about a fifth of Belarusian land (principally farmland and forests in the southeastern regions) was affected by radiation fallout. AS 24 bietet die Mautbox PASSango - eine spezifische Lösung für Transportunternehmen, um ihre Mobilität dank passender Mautdienste zu erleichtern. [180], Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, under Lukashenko's leadership, Belarus has maintained government control over key industries and eschewed the large-scale privatizations seen in other former Soviet republics. [121] The members of this council need not be members of the legislature and are appointed by the president. [180] In 2005, GDP increased by 9.9%; the inflation rate averaged 9.5%. The national hockey team finished fourth at the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics following a memorable upset win over Sweden in the quarterfinals, and regularly competes in the World Championships, often making the quarterfinals. [104][105] The country lies within two ecoregions: Sarmatic mixed forests and Central European mixed forests. Centered on the historical capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilna (Lithuanian: Vilnius, Polish: Wilno), for 18 months the entity served as a buffer state between Poland, upon which it depended, and Lithuania, which claimed the area. [133], After the December completion of the 2010 presidential election, Lukashenko was elected to a fourth straight term with nearly 80% of the vote in elections. [234], This article is about the Republic of Belarus. 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The currency was introduced in May 1992 to replace the Soviet ruble and it has undergone redenomination twice since then. 18/09/2021 - 19/09/2021 . [217], By the 16th century, Polotsk resident Francysk Skaryna translated the Bible into Belarusian. in the Kingdom of Belgium and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Mission to the European Union and NATO : A A A. [151] In addition to the CIS, Belarus is a member of the Eurasian Economic Community, the Collective Security Treaty Organisation,[143] the international Non-Aligned Movement since 1998,[152] and the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Kompatibel mit FUJIFILM kompakten Systemkameras aus der X-Serie, sind FUJINON XF Objektive weltbekannt für höchste Präzision und überragende Abbildungsleistung. [219], After Belarus was incorporated into the Soviet Union, the Soviet government took control of the Republic's cultural affairs. In addition, remains from the Dnieper-Donets culture were found in Belarus and parts of Ukraine. [164] The Belarusian government is also criticized for human rights violations and its persecution of non-governmental organisations, independent journalists, national minorities, and opposition politicians. Żeligowski later in his memoir which was published in London in 1943 condemned the annexation of the Republic by Poland, as well as the policy of closing Belarusian schools and general disregard of Marshal Józef Piłsudski's confederation plans by Polish ally. To show hospitality, a host traditionally presents an offering of bread and salt when greeting a guest or visitor. [94][95][96] The Polish government has allotted a residence for main opposition candidate Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya and other members of the Belarusian opposition in Warsaw, Poland. Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. [77] This policy involved sending Russians from various parts of the Soviet Union and placing them in key positions in the Byelorussian SSR government. Page officielle du HC Kraainem (Handball Club Kraainem), évoluant en Division 2 Nationale - Belgique. Belarus is also known for its strong rhythmic gymnasts. [52], In a Russification drive in the 1840s, Nicholas I prohibited use of the Belarusian language in public schools, campaigned against Belarusian publications and tried to pressure those who had converted to Catholicism under the Poles to reconvert to the Orthodox faith. Moliere 192, 1050 Brussels (Ixelles), Belgium, Submission of Documents to the Cosular Section, Belarusian visa at the Minsk National Airport, Electronic Registration of Foreigners Temporarily Staying in Belarus, Visa-Free Travel via National Airport Minsk, Belarusian visa upon the arrival at the National Airport "Minsk", Staying in Belarus: useful information for foreigners, Online registration of foreign citizens temporary staying in Belarus, Border crossing rules for foreign citizens, BelToll: e-collection system for driving toll roads, Belarusian CCI's Exporters Catalogue 2021.