Dexmedetomidine has recently been approved by the FDA for use in humans (Precedex) and dogs (Dexdomitor; http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Green_Book/200702.pdf, accessed 24 July 2007). In mice, very low doses of medetomidine are anxiolytic without obvious signs of sedation (MacDonald et al., 1989). class II controlled substance. of drugs used and the dosage(s) of the other drug(s). Size: 10ml. MPV-785. With equisedative doses of xylazine and medetomidine both the type of sedation achieved and the side effects of bradycardia, respiratory depression and mucous membrane colour are similar. Medical uses. Many veterinarians use doses that are much less than the doses listed on the label. Vets, pharmacists and anyone involved in … Medetomidine is a newer compound that is about 10 times more powerful than xylazine and that exhibits a high selectivity for alpha-2 receptors. Medetomidine, commonly known by the brand name Dormitor, is an injectable drug used for sedation in dogs and cats. It is an α2 adrenergic agonist that can be administered as an intravenous drug solution with sterile water. Trim BVSc, MRCVS, DVA, DACVA, DECVA, in Veterinary Anaesthesia (Tenth Edition), 2001. U.S. Patent Nos. Reverse with atipamezole at a dose of 25-300 mcg/kg (equal to volume of medetomidine used) IM. Since hypertension is the usual mechanism inducing the bradycardia, administration of an anticholinergic agent will exacerbate the hypertension (Alibhai et al., 1996). Medetomidine, 0.01–0.02 mg/kg (10–20 µg/kg), IV significantly decreases serum insulin concentration but plasma glucose concentration remains within the normal physiological range (Burton et al., 1997). Medetomidine can be used on its own as a premedicant or it can be combined with ketamine to provide surgical anaesthesia. Premedication with medetomidine will significantly reduce the dosage of the The duration of analgesia may be 45 minutes without further drug administration, and the time to standing will be approximately 90 minutes. Note reversal of alpha‐2 agonist results in removal of analgesic properties so additional analgesia must be given prior to reversal if painful procedure has been performed. Atipamezole is a veterinary drug whose prime purpose is to reverse the effects of the sedative dexmedetomidine (as well as its racemic mixture, medetomidine). Class II controlled substance. Thus, use of an anticholinergic is unnecessary or even contraindicated when medetomidine is to be used only for sedation. For reversal of Medetomidine or Xylazine effects More specific for medetomidine than for xylazine. producing a more intense sedation of shorter duration than i.m. The IM dose rates given to induce profound sedation are up to 750–1000 µg/m2. The dose should furthermore be adjusted to the type of surgery, length of procedure and patient temperament and weight. It can also be used to reverse the related sedative xylazine. It is a sedative … The drug is also effective when squirted from a syringe into the oral cavity of difficult dogs in doses of 30-80 μg/kg, but in quiet dogs may be administered carefully under the tongue and doses of 5-10 μg/kg are very effective by this sublingual route which avoids a first-pass through the liver. If irritation or other adverse reaction occurs (e.g., sedation, hypotension, bradycardia), seek medical attention. Prescription Drugs are S4 & S8 drugs. From: Textbook of Rabbit Medicine (Second Edition), 2014, Molly Varga BVetMed DZooMed MRCVS, in Textbook of Rabbit Medicine (Second Edition), 2014. Medetomidine may be administered at a dose rate of 10, 20 or 40 mcg/kg (0.01, 0.02 or 0.04 ml/kg). Medetomidine (Domitor, Pfizer) is a more specific α2 -agonist than xylazine and has a lower incidence of side effects. L.W. Opposing studies have demonstrated high levels of anesthetic complications and mortality when rats are premedicated with SC buprenorphine 1 hour prior to IP ketamine/medetomidine administration (Roughan et al., 1999). Simple hepatic hydroxylation can explain the rapid removal of the drug; metabolism is regulated primarily by hepatic blood flow (Salonen, 1992). Medetomidine can be used on its own as a premedicant or it can be combined with ketamine to provide surgical anaesthesia. Hypoxia occurs during anaesthesia with medetomidine and oxygen should be administered throughout the anaesthetic period (Flecknell, 2000). PMID: 27027832 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Publication Types: Randomized Controlled Trial It is normally found as its hydrochloride salt, medetomidine hydrochloride. Domitor® is a trademark of Orion Corporation. When using IV medetomidine, a reduction of the recommended dosage (ie, +/-30 to 40 microg/kg) by up to 6 times did not significantly influence the cardiovascular effects. The initial vasopressor response is accompanied by a compensatory marked decrease in heart rate mediated by a vagal baroreceptor mechanism. Although the mucous membranes appear to be cyanotic, P aO2 is only slightly depressed. Levomedetomidine. Medetomidine// An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Isoflurane. A specific α2-antagonist, atipamezole, was marketed alongside medetomidine and rapidly reverses all sedative, analgesic, and cardiovascular effects associated with medetomidine administration, if desired. Following medetomidine administration dogs often breathe in an irregular manner, periods of up to 45 seconds of apnoea being followed by several rapid breaths. Following i.v. The originating document has been archived. The product information sheet contains detailed tables on volume of drug to administer for different weights of dogs. Antinociceptive actions of medetomidine have been demonstrated in a variety of assays and species (Vainio, 1992), including subcutaneous formalin injection in rats (Pertovaara et al., 1990) and the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice (Virtanen, 1986). Atipamezole (50% of medetomidine dose) was administered at the end of surgery. Hydroxylated products may be subsequently oxidized or conjugated with glucuronic acid. Although bradycardia may be partially prevented by prior (at least 5 minutes before) intravenous administration of an anticholinergic agent, the administration of anticholinergic agents to treat bradycardia either simultaneously with medetomidine or following sedation with medetomidine could lead to adverse cardiovascular effects. Its sedative and hypnotic effects have been shown to be synergistic with those of opioids such as butorphanol and fentanyl (England & Clarke, 1989a) and with other anaesthetic agents. The molecular formula is C13 H16 N2•HCl and the structural formular is: Each mL of Medeto… Private prescriptions for Controlled Drugs in Schedules 2 and 3 must be written on specially designated forms which are provided by local NHS England area teams in England (form FP10PCD), local NHS Health Boards in Scotland (form PPCD) and Wales (form W10PCD); in addition, prescriptions must specify the prescriber’s identification number (or a NHS prescriber code in Scotland). After an initial open dose-finding study, double-blind, placebocontrolled designs were used. In Veterinary Anaesthesia (Eleventh Edition), 2014. Over the rising phase of the dose–response curve sedation and analgesia are dose-dependent. Medetomidine Hydrochloride (medetomidine hydrochloride) is a synthetic alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist with sedative and analgesic properties. Pentothal: thiopental: Thiobarbiturate: IV only Artificial tear solution or ophthalmic ointment should be used to protect the ocular surface when these drugs are administered to dogs. The pharmacological restraint and pain relief provided by medetomidine facilitates handling dogs and aids in the conduct of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Medetomidine was well tolerated. Medetomidine can cause hypothermia and diuresis. Spontaneous muscle contractions (twitching) can be expected in some dogs sedated with medetomidine. Medetomidine belongs to a class of drugs known as alpha 2 adrenergic agonists and is similar to clonidine and xylazine. Medetomidine, at 10 and 20 μg/kg i.v., significantly decreases serum insulin concentration but plasma glucose concentration remains within the normal physiologic range (Burton et al., 1997). administration dogs will become recumbent in 2 minutes but maximal effects may take longer to appear. Hall MA, BSc, PhD, Dr(Hons Causa)Utrecht, DVA, DEVC, Hon DACVA, FRCVS, ... C.M. This combination has also been used for rodents in field studies. 2020 Equine Prohibited Substances List CONTROLLED MEDICATION Prohibited Substances include any other substance with a similar chemical ... Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug . Detomodine hydrochloride is a sedative with analgesic properties. Medetomidine provides better sedation and analgesia than xylazine and has a longer duration of action (Tyner et al., 1997). After i.m. Medetomidine is a racemic mixture of two stereoisomers, dextro-medetomidine and levo-medetomidine. Both medetomidine and dexmedetomidine are authorised for use in cats and dogs in the UK. Controlled Substance: Schedule CIII. Can be used as a single agent for euthanasia. To report adverse reactions in users or to obtain a copy of the MSDS for this product call 1-800-366-5288. Data sources include IBM Watson Micromedex (updated 1 Apr 2021), Cerner Multum™ (updated 5 Apr 2021), ASHP (updated 6 Apr 2021) and others. Excretion of 3H-labeled medetomidine is mainly in the urine: 41% over 72 hours compared with 18% in the feces. 1. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: IM administration of medetomidine or xylazine to dogs reduced tear flow in a dose-related manner. The use of medetomidine for premedication greatly reduces the doses of subsequent anaesthetic required in a dose-dependent manner, e.g. Medetomidine is presently the only α2-agonist used routinely as an analgesic adjuvant in dogs and cats, so further clinical discussions will focus on this agent. The chemical name is (±)-4-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole monohydrochloride. Spontaneous muscle contractions (twitching) can be expected in some dogs sedated with medetomidine. Female mice appear to be more resistant to the effects of this anesthetic combination than male mice (Cruz et al., 1998; Taylor et al., 2000). It is not a respiratory depressant and recovery is usually complete within 3 h. Recovery can be hastened by reversal with atipamezole. It also facilitates minor surgical procedures (with or without local anesthesia) and dental care where intubation is not required. Is Medetomidine a controlled substance? This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Medetomidine provides better sedation and analgesia than xylazine and has a longer duration of action (Tyner et al., 1997). doses of medetomidine have been administered to healthy male volunteers in three clinical phase I studies. Less muscle tissue inflammation has been observed when medetomidine is combined with ketamine (versus ketamine alone) (Sun et al., 2003) for IM injections in rats, which may be related to the lesser concentration of ketamine used in multimodal treatment. There is a dose-dependent decrease in spontaneous activity and prolongation of barbiturate sleep time, more than with either detomidine or xylazine (Virtanen, 1986). The pharmacological restraint and pain relief provided by medetomidine facilitates handling dogs and aids in the conduct of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Textbook of Rabbit Medicine (Second Edition), Handbook of Veterinary Pain Management (Second Edition), Handbook of Veterinary Pain Management (Third Edition), Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Fourth Edition), Use of Naltrexone and Atipamezole in Emergency Response to Human Exposure to Ultra-Potent Opioids and Alpha-2 Agonists in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, Volume 9, Pharmacology of Injectable Anesthetics, Sedatives, and Tranquilizers, Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals (Second Edition), http://www.fda.gov/cvm/Green_Book/200702.pdf, Veterinary Anaesthesia (Eleventh Edition), Anesthesia and Analgesia for Laboratory Rodents. Investigations relating to the use of anticholinergics with medetomidine have confirmed that incidence of ventricular arrhythmias is higher when atropine and medetomidine are administered at the same time; an effect which is not observed when the atropine is given 10 or more minutes before the medetomidine. Medetomidine hydrochloride can be absorbed and may cause irritation following direct exposure to skin, eyes, or mouth. The cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine are similar to previously described, however, the changes are quantitatively similar for doses ≥5 µg/kg (Pypendop & Verstegen, 1998). Hydrochloride, Medetomidine. medetomidine. Medetomidine : Sedative . Respiratory responses include an initial slowing of respiration within a few seconds to 1-2 minutes after administration, increasing to normal within 120 minutes.